Life beyond Earth

Life beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 24 июн 2011, 18:54

Cassini discovered a salty ocean under the surface of Enceladus, Saturn's moon
Thursday, 23 June 2011 11:46
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A team of scientists from the University of Heidelberg, jointly with scientists from the University of Colorado, based on analysis of data, received from NASA interplanetary Cassini-Huygens mission, have identified a large probability of finding an ocean of salt water under the surface of Enceladus, Saturn's moon.

Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA with the space agencies of Europe to study Saturn, which was launched in 1997 and reached Saturn's orbit on July 1, 2004. Cassini-Huygens mission is composed of a spacecraft Cassini, carrying a lander Huygens. In 2008, the Cassini-Huygens project was renamed the Cassini Equinox. Although initially it was assumed, that the mission will end in 2008, but the timing twice been extended, the last time it was extended to 2017.

During the mission, the Cassini thrice came closer to Enceladus, and as a result, it was able to take pictures of unusual geysers are erupting on this moon of Saturn in the long fractures on its surface, which later were called "tiger stripes". In early November 2009, the Cassini came within just 100 km from Enceladus, being able to analyze the composition of a substance that is released from its geysers. This was possible due to the fact, that Enceladus has a relatively small size, its diameter is only 450 kilometers, so due to the low gravity, the particles from the geysers can fly quite far from this moon of Saturn.

Numerous data, obtained in the analysis of emissions from the geysers on this moon of Saturn, indicate, that salt water in the liquid phase is located in large quantities under the surface of Enceladus, as the geysers of Enceladus consist from 91% of water, which also found presence of salt. As noted by Frank Rosterberg, the salt concentration rises toward the surface of Enceladus, which makes it very possible hypothesis about the presence of water in liquid form under the surface of Enceladus.

William Gershel discovered Enceladus in 1789. But because of the small size of Enceladus, the first data about Enceladus had been received only in the early 1980s, when the station "Voyager 1" has found that Enceladus orbits within the densest part of Saturn's rings are scattered - the E ring and communicates with these substances, and the station "Voyager-2" found that on the surface of Enceladus are the most diverse landscapes with signs of tectonic activity. After that, already, since 2005, the Cassini several times passed near the Enceladus, revealing active geysers on its surface, as well as the existence of geologic activity.

It should be noted, that the presence of geological activity on such a small moons was not unexpected, since the moons in the satellite systems of Jupiter and Saturn are often caught by the orbital resonances of these large planets, which lead to orbital eccentricity, and can cause intermittent heating the interiors of these satellites. Therefore, Enceladus is one of three celestial bodies beyond the terrestrial planets (with Jupiter's moon Io and Neptune's satellite Triton) with active tectonic activity and eruptions.

In particular, the analysis of the eruptions from Enceladus were found to have a 91% water, 4% - of nitrogen, 3.2% of carbon dioxide and 1.7% - from methane. This unique combination of chemicals makes Enceladus a prime candidate for an astrobiological research beyond the Earth, as the relentless tectonic activity on Enceladus is almost one hundred percent indicates the existence of water in liquid form just under its surface.

Scientists around the world immediately turned to the fact, that the existence of such a combination of chemical composition of the interior of Enceladus, and tectonic activity on its surface. Interesting hypothesis previously contained in two research articles, which were published in the journal "Icarus". One article called: “ Enceladus' plume: Compositional evidence for a hot interior”, another article called: “ Enceladus's South Polar Sea”. According to the basic concept in these articles, if the nitrogen in Enceladus was the result of chemical decomposition of aqueous ammonia, then it requires a high temperature, so it is possible to create a supportive environment (includes water in the liquid state, high temperature, nitrogen and methane) which is necessary for the synthesis of more complex organic compounds and even amino acids, which are the initial compounds necessary for the emergence of biological life.

Thus, in theory, according to scientists,- on Enceladus were established in almost all the initial conditions for the emergence of biological life. However, the spectrometers of Cassini could not register the presence of amino acids in the emissions of Enceladus geysers, since its sensitivity is not designed for analysis of such compounds.

But scientists hope, that future expeditions to the Enceladus would lead to the greatest sensation- the detection of biological life beyond Earth.
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Re: Life beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 12 авг 2011, 11:42

SETI resume search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Thursday, 11 August 2011 20:32
http://hainanwel.com/en/unusual-world/813-seti.html 

Institute of SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute) reported, that the radio telescopes Allen Telescope Array, which until recently had been the main instrument since SETI project to search for extraterrestrial life, again it will continue its core work, after raised over $ 200 000 from voluntary investors. Project SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) is a project to search for extraterrestrial life, as well as creating the conditions for entry into contact with them. However, some scientists worried over the resumption of activities and SETI project due to the fact, that the SETI project could pose a serious threat - if it finds a highly developed alien civilization, which is at a much higher degree of development than the civilization on Earth, and which tries to use the Earth as the colony or raw materials base, that may have adverse consequences for earthlings. Especially dangerous is the search of so-called the Dyson spheres, construction of which can only deal with an alien civilization, outstripping human civilization in its development for thousands of years.
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Re: Life beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 20 ноя 2011, 03:39

Aliens are hiding in our solar system
Thursday, 10 November 2011 10:21

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After application of the U.S. Government that U.S. Government has no information about the existence of extraterrestrial life, scientists from the University of Pennsylvania made the assumption, that lack of contact with extraterrestrial civilizations - is not due to lack of these civilizations, but rather - the Earth's population lack reliable methods for detecting of extraterrestrial civilizations. Scientists have created a general mathematical model of technological civilization of which any civilization should be necessarily begins to explore outer space, sending automatic probes, which will eventually leave the limits of the solar system, in which they were created. Therefore, given the very large number of potentially habitable planets in the visible part of the Universe, is very likely, that such probes flew into the solar system, but most likely they are stuck or in the Kuiper belt, or in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Since the size of these probes must be small (10 meters), then we can not find them, because the inhabitants of the Earth there is no technical means capable of detecting such small objects at that distance.
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Re: Life beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 20 ноя 2011, 03:43

Aliens can be found using the illumination of cities
Tuesday, 01 November 2011 21:32

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Abraham Loeb and Edwin Turner, scientists from the United States, have proposed a new criterion for the search for Extraterrestrial civilization, which is based on an analysis of the spectral radiation in the visible range of electromagnetic waves. Scientists have noted, that the spectrum of artificial light is very different from the spectrum of radiation of the stars and planets of the spectrum of reflected light, so that an extraterrestrial civilization can be found, if can find the spectral lines, which are inherent in the artificial light is the light that comes to Earth from the stars. Likewise, the aliens could find credible evidence that on Eearth there is a civilization, based on the detection of significant differences between the solar spectrum, the spectrum of the reflected light from the other planets in our solar system and the spectrum of the Earth, where the night lights of big cities of the Earth stands out among the Earth's spectrum range of other planets in the solar system.
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Re: Life beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 25 ноя 2011, 04:47

Rating of extraterrestrial life will help to find habitable planets
Thursday, 24 November 2011 15:15

http://hainanwel.com/en/unusual-world/1 ... -life.html

A group of scientists published in the Astrobiology journal the article, which first prompted to enter a special rating of exoplanets, which perhaps the existence of life. Rating planets expected to be based on assessments of two indices: the index of similarity between the planets to the Earth (Earth Similarity Index-ESI) and the index of the population of planets (Planetary Habitability Index - PHI). Earth Similarity Index-ESI is calculated on the basis of the similarity parameters of the planets with the Earth-it take into account by a comparison of the mass, size, density, distance from the star of each particular planet with the corresponding parameters of the Earth. According to Dirk Schulze-Makuch from the University of Washington, in the presence of extrasolar planets parameters similar to the parameters of the Earth - is a necessary condition for the existence of life on this planet. Planetary Habitability Index - PHI is calculated on the presence of extrasolar planets have all the necessary conditions for life: liquid water on the surface, the surface of a suitable temperature, magnetic field, atmosphere, containing the necessary amount of oxygen, etc. Scientists have calculated that the maximum rating of -1.00 - received the Earth, exoplanet Gliese 581g - 0,89, exoplanet Gliese 581d-0, 74.
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Re: Life beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 13 дек 2011, 03:03

NASA will look for traces of life on Europe, Jupiter's moon
Monday, 12 December 2011 10:28

http://hainanwel.com/en/unusual-world/1 ... urope.html

NASA representative Kevin Hand said, that NASA is developing a plan to send of two robotic probes on Jupiter's moon- the Europe, for search of traces of extraterrestrial life. It is assumed, that the automatic probes will be sent to Jupiter's moon in 2020 and robotic probes will land on the surface of Europe in 2026. On robotic probes will be video and photo cameras and equipment for the detection of organic compounds. The Jupiter's moon Europa by many scientists regarded as the first candidate for the existence of biological life, as all the surface of Europe is covered with huge ice shell, under which located the ocean of liquid water. In addition, still do not clear the mechanism of ice cracks on Europa's surface and their causes, as has been observed, that some cracks are remarkably regular geometric shape, resembling the form of pipes, which led some scientists to the fantastic assumptions as to the existence of Europe's advanced civilization, and that the whole of Europe is a single living organism.
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Re: Life beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 27 сен 2012, 01:33

The presence of oxygen- is the main criterion for extraterrestrial life- VIDEO
Thursday, 20 September 2012 15:24

http://hainanwel.com/en/unusual-world/1 ... -life.html

Planetary scientists Richard Kurt and Mark Sephton from Imperial College London in the "Planetary and Space Science" reported, that the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere of planets is the main criterion for the presence of biological life on those planets, and methane, once considered as one of the signs of the presence of complex organic compounds on other planets- should be excluded from the list of reliable markers of organic activity, as the source of methane into the atmosphere, as established by Richard Kurt and Mark Sephton, may not be created of living creatures, but- carbon- meteorites that fall to the buyout of the planet in other star systems with advanced disk of dust. Therefore, all efforts ofplanetologists to find planets in other star systems should be focused on the search for signs of the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere of these planets. VIDEO:
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Re: Life beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 27 сен 2012, 01:34

The existence of life on the super-Earths is unlikely- VIDEO
Wednesday, 26 September 2012 12:23


Vlada Stamenkovic, team leader of planetologists from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA at the European Congress EPSC in Madrid reported about the impossibility of existence of biological life on the so-called "Super-Earths". According to Vlada Stamenkovic, biological life can not exist on the planets where there is no magnetic field, and there are no signs of volcanic activity. According to Vlada Stamenkovic, reduced volcanic and tectonic activity make a negative impact on the climate and the atmosphere, as it is volcanic eruptions are a catalyst for the onset and end of the ice periods. A magnetic field is the main condition for the protection of biological life forms of electromagnetic radiation of the stars.THE VIDEO: http://hainanwel.com/en/unusual-world/1 ... arths.html
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Re: Life beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 31 мар 2015, 15:28

On exoplanet HAT-P-11b, which rotates in the constellation Cygnus, there may be biological life - VIDEO

On exoplanet HAT-P-11b, which rotates in the constellation Cygnus, there may be biological life. NASA scientists have already received indirect evidence of this.

Experts from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics have discovered exoplanet this five years ago. Heavenly body is located 120 light-years from Earth. Using orbiting telescopes "Spitzer" and "Hubble" scientists have found water vapor around the HAT-P-11b. It is known that the presence of water may be indicative of organic life on the planet
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