Earthquakes and earthquakes prediction

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NASA have found a strong heating of the atmosphere, before the strong earthquake in Japan
Thursday, 19 May 2011

On May, 18 2011,representatives of NASA were published photos from space of areas in Japan, where was a strong earthquake March 2011. On photos recorded strong heating of the atmosphere in the days, immediately preceding a major Japan earthquake (see a photo). According to the comments of representatives of NASA, in the area of Japan earthquake in March 2011, in the lower atmosphere, were anomalous aerosol fields, resulting in heating of the atmosphere and the dramatic change in its parameters. While the data are further study, but it has been suggested, that this method can be used to predict a earthquakes.
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In the west of Turkey was earthquake: a new chronology of Turkish Earthquakes
Friday, 20 May 2011

Yesterday,on May 19, 2011, in western Turkey in the Kutahya province, at 23.15 of local time, was an earthquake of magnitude 5.7, according to preliminary data, more than 80 people were injured. The earthquake was felt in many parts of western and central Turkey, including Istanbul. After the first quake at 23.15, over the next six hours were reported more than 50 aftershocks of magnitude smaller, including 4.6 points. Turkish channels CNN-Turk and NTV said, what the earthquake was so strong, that the in the houses smashing windows, and people in the first few seconds could not move. As a result of the earthquake, some cities in the Kutahya province were without light and electricity, dilapidated houses were destroyed. A significant part of local residents conducted last night on the street for fear of further earthquakes. In the earthquake area are deploying tent camps for temporary housing residents. Seismologists do not predict new strong aftershocks in Kütahya, at the same time, but they do not exclude, that an earthquake of magnitude 4-4,5 some time will continue. Earthquakes in Turkey occur often enough, as a substantial part of its territory is located in seismic areas. But the most seismically volatile regions of Turkey are the Black Sea and eastern Turkey, where the boundary of the Arabian and Turano-Scythian lithospheric plates. The most earthquake-prone point of fault is outside the territory of Turkey, namely in the eastern part of the North Caucasus, where the greatest number of earthquakes and thus the greatest force. The Mediterranean region is not seismically-dangerous region. The largest recorded earthquake in this region, with its epicenter in the sea off Cyprus occurred in 2006 with a force of 4.7 on the Richter scale. On the Mediterranean coast of Turkey tremors were recorded at 2,5 on the Richter scale. That is, shocks were "very weak", which is registered only by seismic instruments. And felt only by individuals who are in a state of complete tranquility in the upper floors of buildings, and very sensitive pets. At the same time periodically in Turkey is experiencing very strong earthquake. Last of the strongest earthquakes - is Izmit earthquake (magnitude 7.6), which occurred August 17, 1999 in Turkey at 3:02 am local time. The epicenter was located at a depth of 17 km, near the industrial city of Izmit. According to official data, the number of victims amounted to 17,217 killed and 43,959 wounded, but many sources reported the following data: 40,000 killed and a similar number wounded. The earthquake caused serious damage to the economy of Turkey, as a result of the earthquake around 120 000 buildings beyond repair, 50 000 had major damage, settled about 2000 buildings, were destroyed a few plants at a local oil refinery caught fire. It took several days to eliminate it. The city was virtually destroyed power lines and communication lines were seriously affected water supplies. Damage was estimated at 25 billion dollars. Crack length resulting from the earthquake was 150 kilometers, stretching from the town of Düzce toward the Marmara Sea. The earthquake occurred in the Sea of ​​Marmara tsunami wave height of up to 3 meters. Fracture were also recorded in Istanbul. According to the Catalogue of Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia from ancient times until 1990, and Bulletin of the Seismological from 1955 to present time in this region from 1967 was not observed earthquakes with devastating effect. The penultimate large earthquake occurred in Turkey, occurred in the morning on March 8, 2010. The epicenter was near the Turkish city of Elazig. The earthquake was located at a depth of 10 km. Following the first earthquake in the province of Elazig for the day have been recorded more than 40 aftershocks, including three of magnitude 5.5, 5,1 and 5,3. Turkish media reported that the earthquake killed at least 57 people, about 100 people were injured. The earthquake was almost completely destroyed six villages, located in the 30-45 km from the epicenter in the province of Elazig (550 km east of Ankara). According to the latest report by the U.S. Geological Survey on May 20, 2011, the last major quake of magnitude 4.3 was recorded in Western Turkey on May 19, 2011.

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In Japan was another earthquake of magnitude 6.3
Friday, 03 June 2011 14:38
　
According to the latest report of U.S. Geological Service on June 03, 2011, about three and a half hours ago a major quake of magnitude 6.3 was recorded on the east coast of Honshu, Japan. The epicenter was located at 308 kilometers from the Fukushima nuclear power plant and 412 kilometers from Tokyo. Information about the victims and the devastation is not yet specified.

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The earthquake occurred in Australia, near Macquarie Island - in 2004, a similar earthquake occurred three days before earthquake M9,1 in the Indian Ocean
Monday, 06 June 2011 06:21
　

According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the last 15 hours have been abundant for the earthquakes: in Australia, near Macquarie Island was an earthquake M 6.3, in New Zealand, near the Christchurch City was earthquake M5, near Fiji Islands was earthquake M 5.8, near the island of Guam in the Pacific Ocean was earthquake M5.2, and in Chile was earthquake M 5.4.

Special attention, according to scientists, causes an earthquake in Australia, near Macquarie Island, as nearly similar to an earthquake of magnitude 8.1, occurred near Macquarie Island for three days before the famous earthquake of magnitude 9.1 in the Indian Ocean in 2004, when the tsunami-affected many coastal countries.

Macquarie Island - an island in the South Pacific (about 1,5 thousand km to the south-east of Tasmania), surface of oceanic volcanic ridge with area about 120 km ² and a height of up to 420 meters above sea level. Macquarie Island is the southernmost point of Australia. On the Macquarie Island operates the Australian Research Station -Macquarie Island, where they work, depending on the season, from 25 to 40 researchers.

Note, that according to the researchers, Macquarie Island was formed when two tectonic plates - the Pacific and Indo-Australian. This is the most southern Australian island and the only place in the world, there are rocks (from basalt), which made the earth's surface from a depth of 6 km. Therefore, an earthquake near Macquarie Island can serve as an indicator of movement as the Pacific and Indo-Australian plate, which is confirmed by several earthquakes in the Pacific Ocean (near the Fiji Islands and Guam Island), occurred on the same day.

Indo-Australian plate – is a lithospheric plate, consisting of the continent of Australia and the Indian subcontinent and the oceanic crust, extends to the north-west to the Indian subcontinent and adjacent waters. Recent studies show, that the Indo-Australian plate is in the process of breaking into two separate plates under stress caused by the collision of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate along the Himalayas. New technology allows high-precision surveying to measure directly the speed and direction of crustal plates, when they exist. Such funds are interferometers with a large base - two or more widely spaced on the Earth's surface radio receiving radiation from the same quasar. The difference in arrival time signal for each telescope allows up to a few centimeters to get the distance between the telescopes. The measurements were made in a few years, give direction and speed of installation locations of telescopes. The second method is based on measuring the distance between stations by reflecting a laser signal from the geodetic satellite. As a result of such measurements, ongoing for over 10 years, it was found, that the Eurasian and North American plates diverge slowly with a speed of 1.5 cm / yr, the Pacific plate is removed from the North American with a speed of 4 cm / year, and measurements carried out recently in Australia, confirmed the movement of the Indo-Australian plate to the east from the north with a speed of 6.7 cm / yr. However revealed small changes in the direction of plate movement in the Auckland region (New Zealand), which is caused by a small deformation of the Indo-Australian plate in the place where it is compressed by the Pacific plate.

But it is very difficult to say -is the earthquake near Macquarie Island, as the earthquake in an area at the junction of two huge tectonic plates (the Pacific and Indo-Australian), a harbinger of other earthquakes in the Pacific or Indian Oceans, as scientists have not data to make accurate predictions of earthquakes.

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Two powerful earthquakes have occurred in New Zealand
Monday, 13 June 2011 10:24
　

According to the USGS, two earthquakes have occurred on June 13, 2011 near the city of Christchurch in New Zealand.

The first earthquake of magnitude 5.2 occurred at 01.00 UTC, and at 02.20 UTC there was a second earthquake of magnitude 6.0. Currently, reports about the destruction of several buildings and about 10 injured.

At this time in Christchurch, with a population of about 360 thousand people, not running the airport and many shops are closed. The City of Christchurch has focused its efforts on preventing panic and looting, as in the city there are power outages, as well as expected new earthquakes, the possibility that in the near future said the New Zealand Ministry of Civil Defence, based on experience from previous earthquakes in this region of New Zealand. Since the incident on Feb. 22, 2011 in Christchurch devastating earthquake of magnitude 6.3 was a consequence of the continuing aftershocks from the earthquake, that occurred on September 4, 2010, and after the main earthquake of the devastating earthquake on Feb. 22, 2011, followed by several earthquakes. As a result of this earthquake was almost completely destroyed the central part of Christchurch, and several districts have become uninhabitable. According to scientists, the epicenter of the earthquake on Feb. 22, 2011 in Christchurch, located in close proximity to the city, more than 200 people dead and missing in the earthquake. The economic damage caused by the earthquake on Feb. 22, 2011, valued at $ 15 billion and Prime Minister of New Zealand John Key called the February earthquake, "the most tragic event in the history of the country”.

Earthquakes in New Zealand occured very often, as the country is on the south end of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The situation was aggravated by the fact, that New Zealand is also at the junction of the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates, so there is every year more than 14 thousand earthquakes, but on average no more than 20 of them have a magnitude above 5.

Pacific Ring of Fire is an area in the Pacific Ocean, where most active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. Pacific Ring of Fire chain extends from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia - through the Kuril, Japan, Philippine Islands, New Guinea, Solomon Islands to New Zealand. Continuation of the Pacific Ring of Fire are the volcanoes of the north-east Antarctica. Just a area of the Pacific Ring of Fire is 328 active volcanoes of the 540 known on Earth. As a result of scientific observations revealed, that about 90% of all earthquakes and 80% of the most powerful earthquakes have occurred on Earth is in the Pacific Ring of Fire.

It was established, that the area of New Zealand continues to be one of the most seismically active regions of the Pacific Ring of Fire, as the measurements made by Australian scientists have identified the movement of the Indo-Australian plate to the east from the north at a rate of about 6.7 cm per year, while during taking measurements, scientists are faced with an anomaly-detected small changes of direction of the Indo-Australian plate in the Auckland region (New Zealand). Under assumptions of Australian scientists, this anomaly is caused by a slight deformation of the Indo-Australian plate in the place where it is compressed by the Pacific plate. Indo-Australian plate consists of the continent of Australia and surrounding ocean extending to the north-west to the Indian subcontinent and adjacent waters.

Recent studies revealed, that Indo-Australian plate may be in the process of active faults in two separate plates, as a result of stress caused by the collision of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian around the Himalayas. In addition, the Pacific plate, sinking under the Australian plate, permanently, a few millimeters per year raises the eastern part of the North Island of New Zealand.

Thus, New Zealand is in the area of the Earth, where there is a very active underground processes and cessation of earthquakes in this region is expected. In general, in the district of New Zealand each year there are about 250 earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 3 points.

Therefore, all buildings and structures in New Zealand are being built with a more stringent building codes. Also in New Zealand legally secured and maintained by the state system of compensation for damage caused by earthquakes and other geological disasters.

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An earthquake M6.6 occurred off the coast of Papua - New Guinea: chronicle of a tsunamis and earthquakes in this region
Thursday, 16 June 2011 06:02
　

According to the USGS, about two hours ago – at 00.03 UTC June 16, 2011 off the coast of New Britain in Papua - New Guinea was a strong earthquake of magnitude 6.6. The earthquake was located at a depth of 21.5 kilometers, of 577 kilometers from the capital of Papua - New Guinea, Port Moresby.

Papua - New Guinea is a country, located in south-western Pacific Ocean, which occupies the eastern part of the island of New Guinea in the Bismarck Archipelago and northern Solomons. The total area of the Papua - New Guinea is about 463 square kilometers and is home to nearly 6 million people, mostly Papuans and Melanesians.

New Britain Island is Melanesian island in the State of Papua - New Guinea, with 600 km long and maximum width of 80 kilometers. This island is the largest island of the Bismarck Archipelago, it is home to about 400 thousand inhabitants. Most of the islands of the State of Papua - New Guinea have mountainous terrain, with many mountain ranges. Total in the Papua - New Guinea are 18 active volcanoes, with the ongoing activity of these volcanoes are related, and frequent earthquakes in this region of the planet.

One of the most tragic earthquakes in the territory of Papua - New Guinea happened on July 17, 1998 in the north-west. An earthquake of magnitude 7.1 points emerged from the tsunami wave height of 15 meters, which led to the deaths of more than 2,000 people, several thousand local residents were left homeless. Major victims were avoided from the fact, that the tsunami occurred in one of the most remote areas of the country. But despite this, even in the city of Rabaul, a distance of nearly 1,100 km from the epicenter of the earthquake, the sea level rose by 6 cm after the earthquake of 1998.

Also in 2002, on the territory of Papua - New Guinea was the strongest earthquake in 2002. The strength of tremors in the epicenter of the earthquake then was 7.5 points. The tsunami, which arose as a result of the earthquake, swept away dozens of homes on the coast, but heavy casualties could again were avoided since, and this time the tsunami occurred in one of the most remote areas of the country.

In 2011, on the territory of Papua - New Guinea has repeatedly been major earthquakes have occurred. Thus, a strong earthquake of magnitude 6.5 near the island of New Britain was on March 10, 2011. The epicenter was in the 75 km of south-west of Kimba. Repeated earthquake, with magnitude 4.6 occurred 50 km of south-east of Kimba on March 11, 2011.

Also, on May 1, 2011 earthquake with magnitude 5.8 occurred near the island of Bougainville, which is located in the archipelago of the Solomon Islands, located to the east of the Papua - New Guinea. Thereafter, a second earthquake occurred on May 16, 2011 again on the island of Bougainville, 122 km of west of the Arava.

Since the Papua - New Guinea has one of the lowest proportion of urban residents in the general population (less than 15%), the earthquakes themselves in the territory of Papua - New Guinea has led to major casualties, but the effects of earthquakes - in the form of tsunamis, represent a greater threat to the population.

According to the observing stations for tsunamis, located in the Pacific Ocean, a tsunami threat from earthquakes on June 16, 2011 for the populated areas of the Papua - New Guinea -was not reported, but in Papua - New Guinea and Indonesia announced a tsunami warning, due to the earthquake. Given this frequency of earthquakes in the territory of Papua - New Guinea, scientists now expect repeated earthquakes in this region of the Earth.

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An earthquake M6.7 occurred near Iwate Prefecture in Japan
Thursday, 23 June 2011 09:56
USGS reported, that earthquake of magnitude 6.7 occurred at 21:50 UT off the coast of Japan, near the Iwate Prefecture. The epicenter was near Iwate Prefecture, located at a depth of 32 kilometers, 88 kilometers of the city of Hachinohe, 99 kilometers of the town of Morioka and 524 kilometers of Tokyo.

As currently reported Japanese newspaper Asahi- were not reports of casualties or damage. Immediately after the earthquake in Japan was declared a threat to the tsunami, which was canceled after an hour, in the absence of signals of approaching tsunamis. The centers of monitor tsunamis in the Pacific also canceled a tsunami threat.

Some media have reported about two earthquakes of magnitude more than 6, but in fact, in Japan there was only one earthquake of magnitude 6.7, another earthquake, a magnitude of 5.1 was only an hour earlier in the same area. Although there were no reports of casualties, it could be due to the fact that the epicenter was at sea, so the main threat from this earthquake was of a tsunami.

Iwate Prefecture located in the Tohoku region, is bordered with the prefecture of Aomori in northern Japan, Akita prefecture in the west and Miyagi Prefecture in southern Japan. The surface of Iwate Prefecture, consists of mountain ridges and plateaus between them lies Kitakamigava basin, where lives the majority of the population of Iwate Prefecture. This relief creates a special danger for the residents of the prefecture in the event of a tsunami.

Early, the cities of Iwate Prefecture suffered greatly from the effects of the tsunami, especially the city of Rikuzentakata, which is due to the tsunami on March 11, 2011 has been completely razed to the ground. And it was not the first time such a devastating tsunami impact on the city of Rikuzentakata- after a Chilean earthquake on May 23, 1960 tsunami also badly affected buildings of the city. Then, off the coast of South America in the Chilean coast was formed tsunami off the coast of Chile reached a height of 15-20 meters, as a result of this was destroyed several towns and washed away dozens of villages, killing all 10 thousand people. Within 22 hours, breaking more than 16 thousand kilometers in the morning May 24, 1960 tsunami approached the Pacific coast of Japan and the Soviet Far East.

On the coast of the Far East height of water, on average, was 3-5 meters, and on the Pacific coast of Japan tsunami height reached 9 meters in some places, which caused major damage to infrastructure of Iwate Prefecture.

Then, even in the Kuril Islands the maximum height of water was 4.5 meters, flooded homes on the coast and the pier. Washed away bridges and some buildings in Yuzhno-Kurilsk, the vessels derailed from their anchors. The tsunami from the Chilean earthquake was observed in all the Kurile Islands, the maximum height of tsunami was 4 meters on Shikotan and 2.2 meters on the island of Kunashir. Therefore, Russian seismologists were very careful to reports of an earthquake near Iwate Prefecture, which theoretically could cause a tsunami on the coast of the Far East of Russia, but in this case, the threat of tsunami was canceled.

It should be noted that earthquakes occur in Japan every day, but the majority are single and low-amplitude earthquakes. At this time, the main earthquake, as usual, was preceded by a series of foreshocks and the scientists predict earthquakes in the this area of Japan may go on for another month.

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A powerful earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurred near the Aleutian Islands, off the coast of Alaska
Friday, 24 June 2011 08:15
According to the U.S. Geological Survey, about an hour ago, near the Aleutian Islands, off the coast of the U.S. state Alaska was a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.2. The epicenter was located at a depth of 62.6 kilometers, 64 kilometers of Amukta island, 103 kilometers of Yunaska Island and 1677 kilometers of Anchorage, Alaska. Declared a tsunami warning was cancelled a few minutes ago. Because of the sparsely populated of Aleutian Islands (on all Aleutian Islands permanently resides are about 8000 people) information about the injured or damage were not reported, but were not permanent population at the nearest large Yunaska Island. Yunaska Island - is the largest of is the largest of the Islands of Four Mountains group in the Aleutian Islands of southwestern Alaska. The area of Yunaska Island is 173 square kilometers, length is 23 km, width is 5.5 km. On the Yunaska island there are two Yunaska volcanos, which are separated by a valley. Western volcano has a height of 950 m (date of last eruption is unknown). East Volcano has a height of 500 m, last erupted in 1937. Last earthquake could theoretically lead to a new eruption of volcanos on the Yunaska Island.

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Two earthquakes with magnitude over than 5 occurred in Nagano Prefecture: injured reported
Thursday, 30 June 2011 05:40
　

According to the Meteorological Agency of Japan, just two earthquakes with magnitude over than 5 occurred on June 30, 2011 almost at one place in Nagano Prefecture of Japan, although initially reported about three earthquakes in one place with magnitude over than 5. The first earthquake of magnitude 5.4 occurred at 8:21 am (local time), its epicenter was near the city of Matsumoto in Nagano Prefecture. The second earthquake of magnitude 5.1 occurred at 8:25 am, its epicenter was also near the city of Matsumoto. According to Japanese news agency Kyodo, at least seven people have been injured by the earthquakes in Matsumoto. After that, near this place were a few earthquakes with a magnitude of up to 3.

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An earthquake M7.6 occurred in New Zealand
Thursday, 07 July 2011 02:21
According to the USGS, a powerful 7.6-magnitude earthquake recorded today at 07.03 local time, its epicenter was 163 kilometers of the island of Raoul in the Kermadec island arc.

Kermadec Islands is a island arc in the South Pacific. The Kermadec islands are located 1,000 kilometers northeast of the North Island of New Zealand and more than 1,100 km south-west of Ata (Tonga). The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, located in Hawaii (USA), immediately declared a threat of tsunami for Kermadec Islands, Tonga and New Zealand after an earthquake of magnitude 7.6.

Kermadec Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Fiji and the Solomon Islands are located over a vast underwater plateau in the Pacific Ocean, which stretches from the shores of South America to New Zealand and Antarctica. Along the edges of the plateau are deep-sea trenches, associated with the belt of volcanic mountains. In these places, within the Pacific Ring of Fire, very often there are earthquakes and volcanoes, including underwater.

The area of the Kermadec Islands is about 33 square kilometers, the area of the largest island Raul is almost 97%. Kermadec Islands consists of four islands and several rocks. Until the 30s of the 20th century Kermadec Islands were inhabited by Polynesians and early XX century on the Kermadec Islands inhabited until 8000 people. But today the population of the islands is only staff research station, located on the island of Raoul.

Kermadec Trench is located in south-western Pacific Ocean, at the eastern of the Kermadec Islands. Length Kermadec Trench is 1270 km and maximum depth is 10 047 m. As the Mariana Trench, Kermadec trench was opened by the expedition ship "Challenger", which came from Wellington, the capital of New Zealand, and headed north, periodically performing the measurements of the Pacific depths.

Today, many people in New Zealand were awakened by the roar of sirens, after the announcement of a tsunami threat from an earthquake in the area of the Kermadec Islands. Sirens warning about the tsunami threat and had even conducted the initial evacuation. However, after several hours, in most cities of the North Island of New Zealand's anxiety about the threat of tsunami was canceled, and reports about damage were not reported.

In the Cook Islands have also adopted special measures to evacuate local residents and tourists away from the coast of the islands. Today, except for calls through local television and radio, were involved police officers.

According to John Key, New Zealand Police thoroughly investigated the coast and walked all the inhabitants of coastal areas with a warning about the possible danger of a tsunami. However, no large waves at 10 am was not noticed- the wave height does not exceed half a meter and the threat of tsunami was completely abolished.

Representatives of the Department of Disaster Management and representatives of the Civil Defence of New Zealand said, what they expected the tsunami wave height of less than 2.3 meters. Tsunami could hit the north and east of the Fiji Islands, North Island of New Zealand, as well as cover the nearby islands of Tonga. According to the High Commission in Tonga, New Zealand, and there were several small tsunami waves in Vava'u, but no damage was not from them.

At present, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center based in Hawaii canceled a tsunami warning for New Zealand, Australia, Cook Islands, Tonga, Samoa, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Hawaii, French Polynesia, Kiribati, American Samoa Islands, Solomon Islands, Philippines, Chile, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, El Salvador, Antarctica, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico

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