Detection of water beyond Earth

Detection of water beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 26 июл 2011, 22:10

Astronomers have discovered the largest and farthest reservoir of water ever detected in the Universe
Monday, 25 July 2011 18:02

http://hainanwel.com/en/unusual-world/7 ... water.html

Astronomers of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena discovered the largest and farthest reservoir of water ever detected in the Universe. Matt Bradford made this discovery in the course of studying the environment around the quasar APM 08 279 +5255, which contains a black hole of 20 billion times more massive then the Sun and produces as much energy as thousand of trillions of suns.

Quasar APM 08 279 +5255 located more than 12 billion light-years from Earth, and as Matt said Bradford, "... the environment around the quasar is very unique because of that is saturated with water molecules."

Quasar - is a particularly powerful and distant active nucleus of the galaxy. Quasars are among the brightest objects in the universe, since their output power of tens and sometimes hundreds of times greater, than the total capacity of all the stars of galaxies, like the Milky Way. Quasars are the most distant cosmic objects from those who do can be seen from the Earth and the quasar APM 08 279 +5255 is almost on the edge of the universe -12 billion light years from Earth, that is, at the moment we are seeing the quasar as it was 12 billion years ago. And watch this quasar may be due to the incredible luminosity, so as a quasar APM 08 279 +5255 shines more, than a thousand trillion stars like the Sun.

The most striking feature of all quasars is that they are small in size, but produce very large amounts of energy in all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, particularly in the infrared. The properties of quasars are similar to active galactic nuclei, so many astrophysicists believe that the luminosity of quasars is not supported by fusion, and the energy of quasars - is the gravitational energy which is released by a catastrophic contraction, which occurs in the nucleus of the galaxy where the black hole.

Currently, there are many hypotheses about the nature of quasars. The most popular hypothesis according to which the quasar is a huge black hole that draws in the surrounding area, and the closer to the center of a black hole, the particles are accelerated and collide with one another, which leads to a powerful radiation in a wide spectrum of electromagnetic waves. But if there is a black hole and magnetic field, it collects the particles in the beams, which are called jets, and then the particles scatter from the pole. In other words, a powerful light that astronomers have observed - that is all that remains of the galaxy, which killed in black hole. But in another version, quasars are young galaxies, and we see the process of their development. In any case, astrophysicists very closely linked the existence of quasars, galaxies and black holes.

Quasar APM 08 279 +5255 spewing huge amounts of energy, and water located is not in liquid form around the quasar, and is distributed around a quasar at hundreds of light years away, in the form of gas and dust cloud, which is why the concentration of water molecules is very low, many times lower than the concentration of water in the Earth's atmosphere. Because of this low concentration of water molecules are not immediately able to obtain confirmation of the existence of water around the quasar APM 08 279 +5255.

Bradford's team made their observations starting in 2008, using an instrument called "Z-Spec" at the California Institute of Technology's Submillimeter Observatory, a 33-foot (10-meter) telescope near the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Follow-up observations were made with the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-Wave Astronomy, an array of radio dishes in the Inyo Mountains of Southern California.

Thus, the existence of water around the quasar APM 08 279 +5255 twelve billion years ago has been confirmed, but no one knows what is now in this region of Universe.
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Re: Detection of water beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 07 авг 2011, 11:11

Scientists have discovered on Mars a salty water flows - life on Mars is possible!
Friday, 05 August 2011 09:12

http://hainanwel.com/en/unusual-world/7 ... water.html
A research team, led by Alfred McEwan from the University of Arizona, studying pictures from Mars automatic station Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), found a strange dark stripes on the slopes of some mountains on Mars (see a photo). A detailed study found, that the width of these dark stripes can reach up to 5 meters, also found, that these dark stripes appear in the spring with increasing temperature and disappear in winter, the temperature is lowered to the Martian surface.

Such a frequency of occurrence of these dark stripes made it possible to assume that these dark stripes represent the flows of highly saline water on the slopes of the Martian mountains. It was salt water, or fresh water could not be in the liquid phase in sub-zero temperatures on the surface of Mars. One researcher, by analogy with Earth, is also confident, that these dark lines represent streams flowing from the slopes of mountains on Mars.

According to scientists, this hypothesis flows of salt water best explains the origin of many of these dark stripes, periodically lengthened by a few hundred meters. However, due to the fact, that previously the spectrometer did not detect the presence of water on the Martian surface, it may be that the dark stripes are dust particles, that rise from the surface of some underground movement, as the source of which involve underground flows.

This discovery has attracted the attention of scientists around the world. Geophysicist Philip Christensen from Arizona State University today at a press conference of NASA said: "This new discovery is so interesting because of the fact, that these dark stripes are observed on the slopes of Martian hills, located at lower latitudes, where the surface temperature of Mars is much higher , so the liquid flows of salt water can actually exist there. "And biogeochemist Lisa Pratt from Indiana University said:" I think because of this discovery, in preparation for future missions to Mars, must include in their job search features of biological life on Mars ".

According to Lisa Pratt, conditions on Mars are very similar to conditions in Antarctica and in areas of permafrost in Siberia. And as know, in 1979 in Antarctica were discovered microorganisms that exist quietly at low temperatures. Cyanobacteria have even been found in Antarctica at a depth of nearly four km. And all of these organisms were alive and in the permafrost in Siberia was marked by their metabolism at low temperatures down to -20 degrees Celsius. However, it was discovered and the problem caused by the fact, that the detected bacteria resistant to different freeze, but that their growth is very slow. It was established, that it was caused by the passage of water from liquid to solid at these low temperatures, because of this overlap in the cells of microorganisms channels for transport of substances, so all these organisms at temperatures below - 20 degrees Celsius were dormant.

According to one version, the microorganisms in the state of anabiosis could not be any chemical reactions. Scientists believe that the DNA of living organisms capable of transmission is unlikely to exceed a few hundred years. It should also be noted, that the information in DNA is constantly changing and if we take into account the average rate of change of this information, then a thousand years in the chromosome of microorganisms almost every gene must undergo a change, and in a million years from the initial genetic composition of microorganisms will have no previous . These findings support the study of ancient DNA in amber of insects and other organisms as a result of these studies found that the DNA of these ancient insects is always fragmented and partially destroyed. Thus, the scientists show, that even small fragments of DNA of microorganisms can survive no more than 10 000 years in normal climate and up to 100 thousand years in areas with cold climates.

The discovery of the laws of life living organisms on Earth is of great importance for studying signs of life on Mars- if in Mars at low temperatures, are found living relic Martian organisms, these organisms will not be a frozen remains of the old Martian organisms, lay on the Mars millions of years, and these organisms must be part of a wider diversity of species of life on Mars, as on Earth, it was proved the impossibility of long-term viability of microorganisms for many thousands of years, and for such a long time, strong radiation on Mars should in any case lead to a variety of DNA mutations of Martian microbes, making it quite possible the discovery of more complex forms of life on Mars. Probably, these life forms can be opened under the Martian surface, where temperatures are much higher and there are no sudden changes in her. On our website we have already reported about the discovery on Earth, at depths greater than 1 kilometer, the presence of the simplest forms of worms, so if confirmed the presence of water on Mars, the discovery of signs of biological life on Mars will be only a matter of time.
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Re: Detection of water beyond Earth

Сообщение HainanWel.com(e)! » 20 ноя 2011, 20:35

Comets were collected oceans
Friday, 21 October 2011 16:18

http://hainanwel.com/en/unusual-world/1 ... ceans.html

A group of scientists from NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory has put forward the hypothesis, that the Universe is full of the terrestrial planets, on which surface located oceans and seas of plain water, so they can be generated life, like Earth's. This hypothesis was proposed based on analysis of images of space observatory "Herschel" - was established stars, around which there are clouds of rarefied water vapor, for example, around the star TW Hydrae, located in the constellation Hydra at a distance of 175 light years from Earth, located a clouds of rarefied water vapor. Scientists believe, that comets may carry the water on the planets, collecting it for a long period of time from the clouds of rarefied water vapor. More recently, it was found, that the isotopic composition of water in comets in the solar system is similar to the isotopic composition of water in the oceans on Earth, and therefore very likely, that the comet brought most of the water on Earth.
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